Facial Feminization Surgery - Journal Articles
Necessity of facial contouring in feminization
surgery for Chinese transgender females [FULL TEXT]
Dong Li, Liang Xu, Zheyuan Yu, Jie Yuan , Min Wei. Ann Transl Med.
2021 Apr;9(7):603.
Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is an effective method to
alleviate symptoms of gender dysphoria, which could be more
important than genital reassignment surgery for Chinese. Facial
contour surgery is perceived as an ordinary FFS for the Chinese
women to improve their facial appearance. The zygoma and jaw are
key areas for feminizing the facial contour. This study mainly
emphasized the necessity of FFS and discussed the importance of
facial contour surgery of Chinese individuals.
Facial
Feminization Surgery: A Review of 220 Consecutive Patients
Parag Shashank Telang. Indian J Plast Surg. 2020 Aug;
53(2): 244–253.
The author presents the method used at his center for treating 220
patients of gender incongruence requesting FFS from June 2016 to
June 2019. The alterations to known methods of forehead
contouring, hairline lowering, and jaw shave adopted by his team
are discussed. He also presents the logic of performing the entire
FFS in two stages at an interval of 7 to 10 days.
Scarless Neck Feminization: Transoral
Transvestibular Approach Chondrolaryngoplasty [FULL
TEXT]
Avi Khafif, Hagit Shoffel-Havakuk, Iris Yaish, Karen Tordjman, and
Niddal Assadi. Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic
Medicine. Jun 2020.172-180.
Chondrolaryngoplasty or reduction of laryngeal prominence is a
gender affirmation surgery for transgender women, or for male
patients desiring an aesthetic surgery. Several variations of the
procedure were suggested, yet to date, all described
chondrolaryngoplasty procedures involved a visible neck scar. This
study describes a novel technique for scarless
chondrolaryngoplasty, transoral
endoscopic vestibular approach (TOEVA)-chondrolaryngoplasty,
and to report the results of first ever performed cases.
Facial
Gender Confirmation Surgery: A Protocol for Diagnosis, Surgical
Planning, and Postoperative Management.
Capitán L,
Gutiérrez Santamaría J, Simon
D, Coon D, Bailón C, Bellinga RJ, Tenório T, Capitán-Cañadas
F. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020 Apr;145(4):818e-828e.
During the past 10 years, academic publications that address
Facial Feminization Surgery have largely examined the technical
aspects of the different surgical procedures involved and clinical
evaluations of postoperative results. This Special Topic article
focuses on aspects that are underdeveloped to date but useful with
regard to taking the correct therapeutic approach to transgender
patients who are candidates for Facial Gender Confirmation
Surgery. The authors propose a protocolized sequence, from the
clinical evaluation to the postoperative period, based on a sample
size of more than 1300 trans feminine patients, offering Facial
Gender Confirmation Surgery specialists standardized guidelines to
handle their patients' needs in a way that is both objective and
reproducible.
The Role of
Facial Gender Confirmation Surgery in the Treatment of Gender
Dysphoria.
Esmonde N,
Najafian A, Penkin A, Berli JU. J Craniofac Surg. 2019
Jul;30(5):1387-1392.
Despite evidence of the efficacy of FGCS, there remains some
extant controversies to address, such as reimbursement for these
procedures, categorization of aesthetic versus functional surgery,
and evaluation of outcomes. This review provides a discussion of
these topics, as well as the historical and psychosocial issues
specific to transgender patients that surgeons should know when
providing FGCS.
Feminizing
the Face: Combination of Frontal Bone Reduction and Reduction
Rhinoplasty [FULL TEXT]
C. J. Salgado,
H. AlQattan, A. Nugent, D. Gerth, W. Kassira, C. S. McGee, and L.
Wo. Case Rep Surg. 2018; 2018: 1947807.
FFS improves mental health and quality of life in transgender
patients. The nose and forehead are critical in facial
attractiveness and gender identity; thus, frontal brow reduction
and rhinoplasty are a mainstay of FFS. The open approach to
reduction of the frontal brow is very successful in the
feminization of the face; however, risks include alopecia and
scarring. Endoscopic brow reduction, in properly selected
patients, is minimally invasive with excellent outcomes avoiding
these risks. Since both reduction rhinoplasty and frontal brow
reduction are routinely performed in FFS, a combined approach
provides superior control over the nasal radix and profile when
performing surgery on the frontal bone region first followed by
nose reduction.
Facial
Feminization: Systematic Review of the Literature.
Morrison SD, Vyas KS, Motakef S, Gast KM, Chung MT, Rashidi V, Satterwhite T,
Kuzon W, Cederna PS. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016
Jun;137(6):1759-70.
Facial
Feminization Surgery encompasses a broad range of
craniomaxillofacial surgical procedures designed to change
masculine facial features into feminine features. The surgical
principles of facial feminization surgery can be applied to
male-to-female transsexuals and anyone desiring feminization of
the face. Although the prevalence of these procedures is difficult
to quantify, because of the rising prevalence of transgenderism
along with improved insurance coverage for gender-confirming
surgery, surgeons versed in techniques, outcomes, and challenges
of facial feminization surgery are needed. This review is designed
to critically appraise the current facial feminization surgery
literature.
Facial feminization surgery appears to be safe and satisfactory
for patients. Further studies are required to better compare
different techniques to more robustly establish best practices.
Prospective studies and patient-reported outcomes are needed to
establish quality-of-life outcomes for patients. However, based on
these studies, it appears that facial feminization surgery is
highly efficacious and beneficial to patients.
Full
Facial Feminization Surgery: Patient Satisfaction Assessment
Based on 180 Procedures Involving 33 Consecutive Patients.
Raffaini M, Magri AS, Agostini T. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016
Feb;137(2):438-48.
Facial feminization surgery can include forehead remodeling,
rhinoplasty, mentoplasty, thyroid chondroplasty, and voice
alteration procedures. Described here is an assessment of patient
satisfaction after facial feminization surgery, including outcome
measurements after forehead slippage and chin remodeling.
Patient satisfaction after facial feminization surgery is high.
The reduction of gender dysphoria has psychological and social
benefits and significantly affects patient outcome.
Facial
feminization surgery in maleto-female transsexuals, 485
consecutive cases in 8 years experience.
Presented by Dr.
Kamol Pansritum. WPATH 2014 Biennial International
Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand, February 2014.
In maletofemale transsexuals with strong masculine facial
features, facial feminization surgery is helpful and can be
performed as part of gender reassignment surgery. Various specific
facial surgical procedures are utilized to feminize the face,
involving hairline lowering, forehead sculpture and contouring, brow lift,
rhinoplasty, cheek implantation, cheek bone reduction, upper lip
lift, lip augmentation, chin reduction, mandible reduction, and
thyroid cartilage shaving. We present 8 years consecutive 585
cases of facial
feminization surgery performed in Thailand from 2005 to
2012. The overall results are satisfied and achieved significant
feminization of the face.
Facial Feminization Surgery: The Forehead.
Surgical Techniques and Analysis of Results
Capitán, Luis
M.D., Ph.D.; Simon,
Daniel D.D.S.; Kaye, Kai M.D.; Tenorio, Thiago M.D. Plastic
and Reconstructive Surgery, October 2014, Vol. 134 - Issue 4: p
609–619.
This is the first clinical study focused on FFS forehead
reconstruction to be published in the Journal of Plastic and
Reconstructive Surgery in over 25 years. The authors
describe their experience with facial feminization surgery from
January 2008 to December 2012, specifically looking at the
surgical techniques used in forehead reconstruction and patient
satisfaction. Feminization surgery of the forehead uses surgical
procedures based on plastic and craniomaxillofacial techniques
feminize masculine facial features with predictable and
satisfactory results. (This paper won Best Cosmetic Paper of the
Year.)
Last updated: 09/25/23